ford motor company :: essays research papers

FORD and e-STEEL Enter Into Multi-Year e-Commerce Agreement Automotive Leader to Use Leading Online Steel Exchange to e-Enable Major Web-based, Global Value reach Purchasing InitiativeDearborn, Mich., and New York, NY Business Wire May 17, 2000 Ford Motor Company (NYSE F), and e-STEEL Corporation, the leading negotiation-based e-Commerce exchange for the global poise industry, today inform an initiative to e-enable complex procurement programs with the automakers global Tier 1 suppliers. This relationship includes an equity incentive program that will earn the carmaker a nonage equity stake in e-STEEL.Ford selected e-STEEL (www.e-steel.com) to provide the steel-specific knowledge and functionality required to rapidly launch a steel e-Commerce procurement system to maximize readiness and operational savings. Approximately 4-5 million tons of steel and steel-related products will be purchased via e-STEEL for metal stamping suppliers over the course of this contract.The scope of the alliance covers the automakers steel order fulfillment processing, claims, financial controls, and audit reporting throughout its global manufacturing and assembly operations."Ford Motor Company has confidence in e-STEELs ability to deliver this Internet-based solution crossways its entire Tier 1 steel and metal stamping grade chain, both in North America and Europe, within the next few months," said Andrew Hinkly, Director, unrefined Material Purchasing, Ford Motor Company."We selected e-STEEL as our partner due to their expertise in steel procurement systems, their efficient e-business tools such as STEELDIRECT, and their existing patient of coverage of our steel supply base," added Hinkly. "These inherent strengths, and their results-driven management team, will lead to a successful implementation of this program.""The mutual focus of the Ford/e-STEEL alliance is that value is job 1, " said e-STEEL Founder, Chairman, and CEO Michael S. Le vin. "Our ValueTrack process and speed-to-solutions approach will accelerate Ford and its suppliers ability to realize substantial operational savings from this program. We are excite that Ford Motor Company, which is one of the most innovative global companies, selected e-STEEL for this important initiative."TOPThe automaker expects the members of its steel supply chain to realize cost benefits from efficiencies gained by participating in this program. Ford anticipates the volumes of steel transacted through the program to grow significantly during the next 12 months.At present, the Ford/e-STEEL alliance is limited in scope to this program for Fords purchases, and the millions of tons of steel products a year.In addition to this alliance, e-STEEL recently announced that it also secured strong strategic alliances with three of Fords major steel suppliers, and recent Ford World Excellence Award winners, U.

Machismo and Latin American Men Essay -- Expository Essays

Machismo and Latin American Men Normally when machismo comes up in a conversation, people are probably criticizing the behavior of a someone or glorifying it. Machismo is generally referred to when men behave in an arrogant and aggressive manner often glorifying virility. Men who usually behave in this manner mean all feminine virtues in order to feel secure with their manhood, often going to extremes to protect their manly image. Even though this form of behavior is harsh among men everywhere, it is wrongly associated with an entire continent of Latin American men. Men that carry out the machismo counseling of life feel that they have to constantly grow their manhood to the world. This is generally achieved by behaving in an aggressive manner among other men, also females are looked upon as objects and the more women you seduce, the manlier you are. This type of behavior is given assess by other men and by society in general, thus encouraging men to kee p on behaving in this macho manner. Another way in which men carry out this macho life style is by a...

An Analysis of Page 69-70 of Chopin’s The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening

An Analysis of Page 69-70 of Chopins The AwakeningEach time I read The Awakening, I am drawn to the passage on page 69 where Edna and Madame Ratignolle argue about the essential and the unessential. Edna tries to explain, I would give up the unessential I would give my funds, I would give my life for my children solely I wouldnt give myself. What most would see as essentialmoney (you need it for food, clothing, shelter, etc) and lifeEdna sees as unessential. Edna is speaking of more than that which one ask for somatogenic survival she would not hesitate to give her life to save the life of one of her children. On the other hand, Ednas being, her self, is something quite different from her physical form. Madame Ratignolle simply does not understand Edna to her, sacrificing ones life is the utmost that a mother can do for her children. It is as if Edna was not even public lecture the same language. In fact, the two women might well be speaking different languages. Unlike Madame Ra tignolle who seems to have a baby every couple of years, Ednas head is not filled exclusively with thoughts about her children. Whereas Madame Ratignolle is motherly at all times, Edna often seems irritated by her role as mother, and her attentions to her children often materialise as an afterthought. Madame Ratignolles entire being is bound to her children Ednas being is of her own design. For her there is more to life than marriage and babies and social obligations. Edna might well, at least in this passage, be asserting an early version of what Betty Friedan discusses in The Feminine Mystique.Previously, the narrator has intimated, She had all her life long been accustomed to harbor thoughts and emotions which never voiced themselves. They had never taken the form of struggles. They belonged to her and were her own. Her thoughts and emotions engulf her, but she does not struggle with them. They belonged to her and were her own. She does not have to share them with anyone converse ly, she must share her life and her money with her husband and children and with the many social organizations and functions her role demands.

Leadership and Constitutionality In Times of War Essay -- War Governme

Leadership and Constitutionality In Times of War In times of crisis, nations ensure to leaders who will protect them from the dangers they fear. The United States has seen multiple wars and lived them out under multiple leaders, each of which had varying policies for protecting the American citizens from enemies, both foreign and domestic. at present we find ourselves asking how our present leader will protect the American citizens from outside terrorists, and wondering how previous leaders would react to the current situation. Some of the great and most revered presidents found themselves in the same situation we find ourselves today where to draw the line between constitutionality and the safety of the American public. A imminent look at three past presidents offers three different experiences with wartime policy and the preservation of civil rights in times of national emergency.The Father who Never Forgot capital of Wisconsins Wartime PolicyIt would be impossible to say t hat James capital of Wisconsin ever forgot his writings of 1787. The Constitution would be forever engraved on his mind, the monitor of a shared vision between leaders who held history in the palms of their hands and shaped it into a fair and just Republic. Madison, as author of the memorandum defining that very vision, shaped his own life and political policy to constantly mirror that vision. Of all thepresidents of the United States, Madison was most likely the unrivaled who remained most loyal to the Constitution. Even in times of war, when other presidents would take further executive measures (as they were allowed,) Madison was reluctant to jeopardize his citizens civil rights. Madisons wartime policy clearly reflects a leader dedicated to the Constitution and its pres... ... co-founders so carefully laid out in the document they produced that sweltering pass of 1787. Works CitedAdams, John. The American President. Accessed February 27, 2003 available from http//www.americ anpresident.org/presbios/presbios.htm.LaFeber, Walter. The American Age U.S. Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad, 1750-Present. New York W.W. Norton and Co., Inc., 1994.Madison, James. The American President. Accessed February 27, 2003 available from http//www.americanpresident.org/presbios/presbios.htm.Rehnquist, Chief Justice William A. accomplished Liberty in Wartime Remarks of SupremeCourt Chief Justice William A. Rehnquist at the Directors Forum, WoodrowWilson International Center for Scholars, November 17, 1999. speech onlineAccessed February 27, 2003 available fromhttp//www.totse.com/en/politics/political_spew/rant1.html.

Sunrise On The Veldt: Order :: essays research papers

Sunrise on the Veldt Order     Order is sought instinctively. In Literature, as well as Biology, moldis sought instinctively by authors and scientists. Authors use order to conveyreal- deportment incidents and make their stories seem more realistic. Scientists use away of classification to bring order to Biology. The life cycle, as the cycle ofa virus, shows order.     The young boy in the short story, "Sunrise on the Veldt," found order inthe life cycle. He sought this order to help him justify the death of a bust.The death of the buck made the young boy think about the life cycle. He shot thebuck, and the buck became injured. Then the buck died. An organism is born, itgrows, it lives for a period of time, then it dies. The human life cycle issimilar. A baby is born. The babys parents take guard of it, then the baby turnsinto an adult. The adult lives for a period of time, then the adult dies. Humansseek order in the life cycle t o help explain death. The order in the life cyclewas sought instinctively, because people wanted an explanation of death. Theorder in "Sunrise on the Veldt" was shown in the life cycle.     In the novel, The Wave, a teacher sought order to help keep hisclassroom under control. The order helped keep the classroom under control. Butthe students began to scar they were not thinking, and the order began to tearthe school apart. The teacher sought order because he wanted his students tobehave better. Scientists use order to control viruses. Viruses are sortby several attributes their shape, the vectors that transmit them, and theirRNA or DNA content. Once a virus is classified, it can be examined, andcontrolled. Biologists use order to classify early(a) organisms as well. CharlesDarwin sought order instinctively by becoming a naturalist. He studied animalsand plants and devised a theory of evolution. He decided that variations exist within populations. Some variations are more advantageous for survival andreproduction than others. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.Over time, offspring of survivors will make up a larger proportion of thepopulation. Darwin believed that organisms produce more offspring so that thestronger offspring can live, but the weak offspring die. Darwin, the virus cycle,and The Wave deliver order being sought instinctively.     A virus seeks order instinctively. A virus attaches itself to a host.Then it enters into the host by exchanging its DNA or RNA. The virus thenreplicates itself, inside the host.

Sunrise On The Veldt: Order :: essays research papers

Sunrise on the Veldt Order     Order is sought instinctively. In Literature, as well as Biology, rateis sought instinctively by authors and scientists. Authors use prescribe to conveyreal-life incidents and make their stories seem more realistic. Scientists use away of classification to bring order to Biology. The life rhythm, as the cycle ofa virus, shows order.     The young boy in the short story, "Sunrise on the Veldt," found order inthe life cycle. He sought this order to table service him explain the death of a buck.The death of the buck made the young boy think about the life cycle. He shot thebuck, and the buck became injured. consequently the buck died. An organism is born, itgrows, it lives for a period of time, thuslyce it dies. The human life cycle issimilar. A baby is born. The babys parents take care of it, then the baby turnsinto an adult. The adult lives for a period of time, then the adult dies. Humansseek order in the life cycle to help explain death. The order in the life cyclewas sought instinctively, because people wanted an explanation of death. Theorder in "Sunrise on the Veldt" was shown in the life cycle.     In the novel, The Wave, a teacher sought order to help keep hisclassroom under control. The order helped keep the classroom under control. Butthe students began to nonice they were not thinking, and the order began to tearthe school apart. The teacher sought order because he wanted his students tobehave better. Scientists use order to control viruses. Viruses are classifiedby several attributes their shape, the vectors that transmit them, and theirRNA or DNA content. Once a virus is classified, it can be examined, andcontrolled. Biologists use order to classify other organisms as well. CharlesDarwin sought order instinctively by becoming a naturalist. He studied animalsand plants and devised a theory of evolution. He decided that variations existwit hin populations. about variations are more advantageous for survival andreproduction than others. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.Over time, offspring of survivors will make up a larger proportion of thepopulation. Darwin believed that organisms produce more offspring so that thestronger offspring can live, but the weak offspring die. Darwin, the virus cycle,and The Wave portray order being sought instinctively.     A virus seeks order instinctively. A virus attaches itself to a host.Then it enters into the host by exchanging its DNA or RNA. The virus thenreplicates itself, inside the host.

Research Methodology Essay

The study of man contains a greater variety of intellectual styles than any other bea of cultural endeavor. How different hearty scientists go roughly their work, and what they aim t accomplish by it, often do not expect to cause a common denominator Let us admit the mooring of our critics from the benignantities and from the experimental skills hearty science as a totally is both(prenominal) intellectu aloney and morally confuse. And what is called sociology is very much in the middle of this confusion. Wright move Images of Man Abstract The quest for knowledge has al shipway been at the forefront of societies mind.What makes us tick as a society or an individual, what circumstances have to enter about to lead to different phenomena to occur? Sociologists, psychologists, philosophers and social scientists have spent eons of time pondering on these questions. Research is the way in which these questions whitethorn be dished, b bely the question remains, as to what t ype of enquiry leads us to the right answer or, if on that point is a right answer, what is the one true answer? If different research orders produce different answers, which is the right, the true answer and if we find it does this render all the other answers null or wrong?These be whatever of the questions that I will be asking in this reputation done examining concepts such as the symbolic order in research, the role of emotions in research, the separate together of different methodologies to create a clearer picture of the research and the importance of reflexivity during the research subroutine. Key dustup emotions, symbolic order, reflexivity. The word research originates from the late 16th deoxycytidine monophosphate French word recerche, re (expressing intensive force) and cherchier to search.It means the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. In this rise I will be focusing on quali tive research methods, examining some of the problems that whitethorn be encountered when conducting social research and how these problems may be overcome and used to advantage. Qualitative research takes an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter qualitative investigators study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in price of the meanings that pot bring to them.This process begins by under footing that there are a variety of ways of making sense of the world and therefore focuses on discovering the meanings that are seen by those who are being researched, to better understand their view of the world. The methodological analysis used in research will vary in concord with the research being conducted, this gage be limiting if a type of methodology is decided on and rigidly adhered to throughout the research leaving no room for reconsideration or change of view. Different Methodological Approaches. The manner i n which sociologists study society varies greatly between individual sociologists.There are many reasons for these varying views such as holdgrounds, culture, family influences, religion and experiences with these experiences leading them to come to certain conclusions about certain situations. For this reason it is historic not to rely on one type of sociological perspective which may constrict the tec in the researching of certain phenomena. In research however objectively the reality of the social world was approached, its meaning was never self evident but always subject to interpretation with this interpretation being subject to the researchers biases formed out of the afore mentioned factors. well-nigh of the different methods of researching or research style are Positivism which means scientific positivists would argue that it is possible and desirable to study social behavior in ways similar to those used by natural scientists when studying the natural world. The interpret ive approach to research has been gaining attention in recent years as an alternative to the to a greater extent traditional positivist approach (Lee 342). Lee describes the interpretive approach as such procedures as those associated with ethnography, hermeneutics, phenomenology and case studies. By the positivist he refers to inferential statistics, hypothesis testing, mathematical analysis and experimental and quasi experimental design. Ethnography (Greek ethnos = folk/people and graphein = writing) is a qualitative research method often used in the social sciences, particularly in anthropology and in sociology. It is often employed for gathering empirical data on human societies/cultures. entropy collection is often done through participant observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc.Ethnography aims to describe the nature of those who are studied (i. e. to describe a people, an ethnos) through writing. In the biological sciences, this type of study might be called a field s tudy or a case report, both of which are used as common synonyms for ethnography. Lee states that the difference between positivist and interpretive approaches has been described as objective versus subjective (Burrell and Morgan 1979), outsider versus insider (Evered and Louis 1981), quantitive versus qualitive (Van Mannen 1979) and etic versus emic (Morey and Luthans 1984).In literature it may seem that these 2 methods of research are opposed and irreconcilable and there is some concern over what Morey and Luthans call the widening gap between the two study orientations to organizational research (1984, 84). Lee puts forward the idea of joining the two methodologies together as he argues that they both have something to offer the researcher. He devised a framework called three levels of catch. picThe first level belongs to the observed human subjects, this consists of common sense and meanings which are true for these subjects and how they see themselves, which give rise to the behavior that they homely in socially constructed settings. The second belongs to the observing organizational researcher. This reason according to Lee is the researchers reading and interpretation of the first level, common sense understanding where the researcher may use concepts such as subjective interpretation, the hermeneutical circle or thick description.The third level of understanding also belongs to the researcher. This understanding is one that the researcher creates and tests in order to explain the empirical reality that he is investigating. This definition is called scientific theory is made up of constructs that belong only when to the observing researcher. This explanation consists of formal positions that typically posit the existence of unobservable entities such as social structure, issues that may attempt to discover for the influence of certain factors of which the observed subjects may not even be aware.The above diagram shoes the flow of ideas and underst anding between the three levels of understanding and the relevance of the two methods of research in question. This illustrated the importance of varying the methods of research used, to create a legitimate piece of research work it is vital to come at the work from different weights instead than taking a blinkered approach. This is vital all there stub be no definite knowledge in research as there are so many variables and researchers take the research on for so many different reasons with so many different worldviews.Identifying applicable research strategies is almost as difficult as methodologies tend to differ according to the various factors found within the desired outcome. Yet methods cannot be orchestrated to generate this outcome from the data, but merely facilitate its collection and synthesis. Any successful research methodology does not, therefore, create knowledge, but rather is an applicable strategy for identifying and processing the information which exists.Hatha way (1995) stresses that there are decisions embedded within the creation and conduct of research methodologies that are generated both within the research setting and within the perceptions of the researcher. The concept of an unbiased methodology is thus inherently unaccepted Are we creatures of reason and logic? Or are we better characterized as the victims of unconscious drives, forces and emotions? Does the different language we use sincerely make such a difference in what we have to say? Are we saying something better and to a greater extent academic if it is considered almost too practiced for the reader to understand?Are texts considered more valid if they are difficult to understand and read? Are these technical essays and writings elitist, written by elitist academics only to be appreciated by homogeneous minded and like educated individuals? Why publish research ideas that are inaccessible to society? All researchers come to the experimentation process with preconcei ved opinions of how and why the research process should transpire. When one chooses a particular research approach, one makes certain assumptions concerning knowledge, reality, and the researchers role.These assumptions shape the research Endeavour, from the methodology employed to the type of questions asked. (Hathaway 1995). So how do we carry out the most informed research possible? It is important not to take a sit down nav approach to the research, asking a question that you al take a shit know the answer to and not be prepared to change descriptor along the way, the research process is the information that the researcher finds along the pathway to the research, the phenomena the researcher encounters along the pathway is as relevant as the final conclusion and it is vital to include this in the research process.If the research question is not working is it preferable to change the question or come at the research from a different angle rather than trying to fit your researc h question into every area of the study? Reynolds argues that the methodologist turns research technician, in spite of himself, and effects an aimless itinerant, moving in whatever direction his research techniques summon him, studying changing patterns of voting because these are readily accessible to his techniques rather than the workings of political institutions and organizations for which he has not evolved self-coloured techniques of investigation. Reynolds 190). In my own research on texting differences between adults and teens I will be using field work which will consist of focus groups with informal questioning and conversation, individual interviews and data analysis in the form of analyzing a make out of text interactions in both focus groups. Bourdieu and the Importance of Reflexivity in Social Research. Is knowledge independent of the situation of the knower, or a product of it? Bourdieu stresses the importance in reflexivity while conducting social research.The s ociologist must at all times be aware of their own build, their position of thought and in life and how bringing this to research will affect the research outcome. According to Bourdieu it is impossible for our objectivity to remain unbiased and unprejudiced due to our preconceived habitus. It is only by maintaining such a continual vigilance that the sociologists can spot themselves in the act of importing their own biases into their work. Reflexivity is, therefore, a kind of additional stage in the scientific epistemology.If there is a single feature that makes Bourdieu stand out in the landscape of contemporary social theory, wrote Loic J. D. Wacquant (1992 36), it is his signature obsession with reflexivity. For Bourdieu, reflexivity is an epistemological principle which advises sociologists, as objectifying subjects, to turn their objectifying gaze upon themselves and become aware of the hidden assumptions that structure their research. Without this reflexive move, sociology c annot escape the fallacies of scholasticism and loses its chances to provide a truly scientific analysis of the social world. Reflexivity requires an awareness of the researchers function to the twisting of meanings throughout the research process, and an acknowledgment of the impossibility of remaining outside of ones subject matter while conducting research. Reflexivity then, urges us to explore the ways in which a researchers involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon and informs such research. (Nightingale and Cromby, 1999, p. 228). In the rush of interest in qualitative research in the past 15 years, few topics have developed as broad a consensus as the relevance of analytic reflexivity. (Macbeth 2001).Macbeth argues that contemporary expressions of reflexivity have attachments to critical theory, standpoint theory, textual deconstruction and sociologies and anthropologies of knowledge and power and agency with theorists such as Bourdieu and Wacquant at the f orefront of this type of cerebration. Bourdieu has problematised social research in relation to his concept of habitus stating that the researcher must at all times be aware of his habitus,(prevailing and long learned personalised norms and biases, formed over a lifetime) and take stairs to acknowledge this habitus by looking back on himself and his research with a critical eye.The postmodern condition is such that there are no certainties in social research as norms and values become intertwined, identities and culture intermingle and clash as do gender and sexualities, power is gained and lost through means of popularity alone and social researchers can only strive to explore every avenue of their research subject reflexively in the quest for knowledge and answers.In research this reflexivity can be put into two categories, personal reflexivity, which involves the researcher acknowledging their own habitus and how this is touching their research and in turn affecting the researc her carrying out the research. The second is epistemological reflexivity which requires us to ask questions of the research such as How has the research question defined and limited what can be found? How have the design of the study and the method of analysis constructed the data and the findings?How could the research question have been investigated differently? To what extent would this have presumptuousness rise to a different understanding of the phenomenon under investigation? Thus, epistemological reflexivity encourages us to reflect upon the assumptions (about the world, about knowledge) that we have made in the course of the research, and it helps us to think about the implications of such assumptions for the research and its findings. (Willig, 2001). The Use of Emotion in Social Research.Williams and Bendelow (1996), map the field of sociology of emotions onto the concerns of sociology emotions have fundamental implications for a verify of pertinent sociological themes and issues including social action, agency and indistinguishability social structure gender, sexuality and intimacy the embodiment of emotions across the life-course (from childhood to old age) health and distemper and the social organization of emotions in the workplace (formal and informal). Emotions play an important part in the field at a number of levels. It is important to realize that the researchers identity and experiences shape the ideas with which they go into the field, their political and ideological stance, and there is an analytic cost if this interplay of person and research is not taken into consideration. The researcher takes assumptions and emotions into and generates emotions in the field about the researched.Kleinman and Copp (1993) suggest that if a researcher experiences negative emotions about their participants they would prefer to ignore, or repress those feelings, since to admit them might constitute a threat to their professional and personal identity. But these can be the very feelings (anger and disappointment perhaps) that could help the researcher to understand their own assumptions and their participants. It is clear to me that emotions are very important in fieldwork, both those of the participants and of the researchers.The researchers emotions can have effects at the personal and professional levels, in relation to their understanding of their self and identity, and their capacity to perform in a demeanor that they would themselves regard as professional, and these effects can be long term. A considerable amount of emotion work is called for in qualitative research, and often the dangers incidental on this are not recognized. In some instances researchers have been made quite ill (physically or emotionally) through their experiences of denying, ignoring or managing emotions.The emotions experienced by respondents in the field are data and need to be drawn into analysis and interpretation. It has been suggested here that emotions are important in the production of knowledge from a number of perspectives. In most cases, despite some unpleasant experiences, researchers value the extra power in understanding, analysis and interpretation that the emotions they experience in the field can bring to the research. In his article Hidden Ethnography Crossing emotional Borders in Qualitive Accounts of Young Peoples Lives.Shane Blackman concludes that different ethnographic episodes show how efficacious feelings of emotions from love to hate grip both the researcher and the researched. He states that his fieldwork consisted of constant negotiation and respect with participants who allowed him access to their public and private spaces. He advises that to advance more open, reflexive approaches that explain how research is conducted and written, sociology needs greater disciplinary understanding and recognition of the real challenges and opportunities faced by qualitive research, which demands emotion.The Symbol ic Order in Social Research. The Symbolic Order achieved its currency in Anglo-Saxon human sciences by way of Jacques Lacans psychoanalytic theory but originated in Claude Levi-Strausss Les structures elementaires de la parente (1949) translated into English as Elementary Structures of Kinship, 1969 which used the term to group the many different codes which constitute human societiesfrom social identities and kinship relations to cooking and junket rituals and religious observancesin short all cultural practices and inscriptions, whatever their language.Levi-Strauss showed that patterns we can observe in one level are invariably linked to and stubborn by similar patterns in other levels. (Clark 2004) How important is the symbolic order in social research? There are many factors to take into account when discussing the symbolic order in relation to research. Gusfield and Michalowicz argue that in recent years, sociologists and anthropologists have conducted significant studies of modern life using concepts and perspectives derived from symbolic anthropology.Among anthropologists words like ritual, myth, ceremony and symbolism are central to the study of social life in primitive societies. In contemporary society they have been peripheral legal injury and the activities they denote have not usually been studied in modern societies. (Gusfield and Michalowicz 1984). The symbolic is of huge importance in social research and cannot be quarantined from it. When researching we must ask, what is happening here? Recognizing the potentially multiple responses to this question illuminates the way in which meaning is mediated by cultural categories and structures of thought.This awareness of the social construction of reality, which Richard Brown calls symbolic realism (Brown 1977), implies that any segment of human, social activity can be experienced in different and in multiple ways by diverse actors and observers. David Blacker in his thesis argues that for Gadame r, all understanding whether of a text or of another person is interpretive. This means is that, whatever else it is and does, understanding moves in what Heidegger called a hermeneutic circle. This circle is productive of meaning.To generate meaning from a text, for example, one must always move around from whole to part and back again. The whole may be the language in which the text was written, the literary tradition to which it belongs, its historical period, the life circumstances of its author, and so on. This whole, then, provides the backdrop against which one gives significance to the part, e. g. , the particular words comprising the text, the individual work in question or the specific period of the authors life. A helpful analogy is with understanding an ambiguous word within a sentence.If the meaning of the word itself is not immediately obvious, one must find it in its larger context. The newly appreciated meaning of the part (the word) then alters to a degree the m eaning of the whole (the sentence). One never escapes outside this whole-part circuit even the dictionary only relates words to other words. In my own research on the difference in meaning of texting between teens and adults the symbolic order plays a large part. The mobile speech sound will mean different things to these two groups and these issues must be taken into account when formulating the research.Mobile recall has been widely adopted by many people in society. As it integrates into daily life, it alters the way people communicate, identify their personalities and relate to others in social system. It affects socio-economic structures as well as individual life. Mobile tele telecommunicate enables accessibility, emancipation, security and micro-coordination and serves as a symbol of prestige, pride and self-identity. The aim of this study is to explore the symbolic factors influencing the use of mobile telephone among teens and dults where in the case of adults the phone may be vital for communication the teen may find it impossible to function socially without the use of the phone and the texting facility. Conclusion There is no way of determining a sure path for arriving at sociological knowledge there is unlikely to be, just over the horizon, a new approach, range or perspective to rescue us from the intellectual difficulties involved in a sociological theorizing which can give us a better understanding of our social world. Reynolds 339) As researchers we must be aware of our limitations in the social world in so much that we cannot really promise to theorize in a way that explains everything. This is not possible in life as there are too many different collective and individual ideas that are thousands of years in formation. In social research these variables and ideas must be adjudge and given importance within the research area and with their relevance acknowledged the researcher may move on to the findings of her own particular studies.Karl Mannheim answers critics in letter to the members of a seminar on the sociology of knowledge, by stating that if there are contradictions and inconsistencies in my paper this is, I think, not so much due to the fact that I have over looked them but because I make a point of exploitation a theme to its end even if it contradicts some other statements. I use this method because I think that in this marginal field of human knowledge we should not conceal the inconsistencies, so to speak covering up the wounds, but our duty is to show the sore spots in human thinking at its present stage.In a simple empirical investigation or straightforward logical argument, contradictions are mistakes but when the task is to show that our whole thought system in its various parts leads to inconsistencies, these inconsistencies are the thorn in the flesh from which we have to start. The inconsistencies in our whole outlook, which in my presentation only become more visible, are due to the fact that w e have two approaches which move on a different plane. (Mannheim in Reynolds 1970) David Hume held that we can never be absolutely sure that what we know is true. (Bernard 2006).He argues that we come to understand what is true from what we are exposed to. This reiterates the fact that research is personal even when we try our vanquish to avoid this being the case. We can never be sure according to Hume what we know is true, Humes brand of skepticism is a fundamental principle of social science according to Bernard, the scientific method, as it is understood today, involves making improvements in what we know, edging towards the truth, but never quiet getting there and always being ready to have yesterdays truths overturned by todays empirical findings.. (Bernard).In the social sciences we can see sociologists, philosophers and social psychologists such as Michael Foucault, Fredriech Nietzsche, Pierrie Bourdieu and others changing their views on subjects and seemingly contradictin g themselves but I would consider that this is paramount when conducting any type of research, as society evolves, technology changes and people become more individualized the world is changing rapidly so we as researchers must be open to change and not be afraid to re-examine our research and research motives to ensure that we are generating the most informed and comprehensible research possible.In the case of Foucault , Tom Keenan argues that these contradictions and paradoxes do serve a very important strategic purpose since they allow to articulate a critique of the juridical discourse on a theoretical level. Foucaults work produces paradoxa since it struggles against doxa, it seeks to place in question orthodoxies of political thought and leftist critique. It is contradictory since it contradicts dominant forms of critique that itself functions as a constraint for imagining political alternatives (Keenan 1987).Bibliography Blacker, D. (1993). Article on Education as the Normati ve Dimension of Philosophical Hermeneutics. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA. Bourdieu, P & Wacquant (1992). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Burrell, G. , & Morgan, G. Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, Heinemann, 1979 Cuff. E. C, Sharrock. W. W, Francis. D. W (1998) Perspectives in Sociology. Fourth Edition. Routledge, London. Clark, R. (2004) The Symbolic Order. The Literary Encyclopedia. knock against 2004. Evered, R. , Louis, M. R. (1991), Research perspectives, in Craig Smith, N. , Dainty, P. (Eds),The Management Research Book, Routledge, London Gusfield. J & Michalowicz. J (1984). Secular Symbolism Studies of Ritual, Ceremony and the Symbolic Order in Modern Life. annual Reviews Inc 1084 Holland, J (2007) International Journal of Social Research Methodology. Volume 10 Issue 3. July 2007. Keenan, T, (1987) The Paradox of Knowledge and Power Reading Foucault on a bias, in Political Theory, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1987. Kleinman, S. & Copp, M. A. (1993) Emotions and fieldwork. Sage, Newbury Park, CA Macbeth, D. (2001). On reflexivity in qualitative research Two readings, and a third. Qualitative Inquiry. Morey, N. , and Luthans, F. (1984) An Emic Perspective and Ethno Science Methods for Organizational Research, academy of Management Review (91), 1984. Nightingale, D. & Cromby, J. (Eds) (1999). Social constructionist psychology A critical analysis of theory and practice. Buckingham Open University Press.Reynolds, L & J (1970). The Sociology of Sociology. Analysis and Criticisim of the Thought, Research and Ethical Folkways of Sociology and its Practitioners. David McKay companion INC, New York. Van Maanen, J, (1979). Reclaiming Qualitative Methods for Organizational Research A Preface, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24 Williams, S. J. & Bendelow, G. A. (1996b) Emotions and sociological imperialism A rejoinder to Craib. Willig. C, (2001) Introducing Qualitative Research in Psycholog y (p. 10).

Educating Indian Peasants Essay

India is one country that is endowed with a rich culture that not wholly influences individuals but also social groupings and structures. Religion is one cultural aspect that is very influential and this paper seeks to shed light on its role in reading as surface as the forms of educational systems in India. The two basics forms of education atomic number 18 traditional education and elementary education. Traditional education can be defined as the passing of knowledge from a guru or spiritual leader to a student.The transmission of knowledge here is literal such that writing materials argon not present. The venue in which this is done is cognize as a gurukul, which was usually the residential place of the leader or sage, and among the subjects taught were religion, Philosophy and mathematics. (Pomelil). This form of education was only accessible to certain clubs that were higher that others. These castes were religious in nature where there also existed the untouchables who w ere mostly poor and loaded by those of the higher castes.Traditional education was usually free but it is said that rich families gave tokens of appreciation to the gurus on completion of the studies. Discrimination and segregation are some of the characteristics that can be pegged on this education system.Religion comes in where it consoles those in the lower castes that after their death thy will re-incarnate to one of the high castes. Krishna, an Indian god is said to have reincarnated and gone through traditional education in his childhood. Robert,2003). Elementary education on the other is all inclusive and is carried stunned in schools. Castes do not have any importance because every one is given an equal opportunity to learn. In India those in lower castes were known as dalits and they were the main source of labor to those in higher castes. Elementary education was introduced so as to promote equal accessibility as well as universality to for everyone.Without elementary ed ucation the Indian peasants will only be revolving around the vicious cycle of poverty because of lack of empowerment that would modify them improve the standards of their own living. According to Robert, 2003, dalits were viewed and made to believe that they were not better than those in the higher castes but studies show that when dalits got into a competition with higher caste members, dalits only performed badly when their status was made obvious before the competition, while they even did better or scored same points when their social affiliation was not mentioned.Schools are available to all because they are not usually very far apart. Elementary education is the only way to empowering Indian peasants or Dalits because the World is rapidly changing and individuals are now rewarded by merit. Ascribed status is losing its popularity to a status that has been worked for or earned.

Ambition as a Theme in Macbeth

In todays society, different themes such as ambition, good vs. evil, and believing in superstitions atomic number 18 still prevalent. same to Macbeth, many people will go great lengths in localize to achieve their goals in life. Some are consumed with ambition to the point where it doesnt matter what the consequences are for their actions as long as they are satisfied. An example of this is seen when our economy fell into a deep recession as a guide of ambitious work people. Good vs. evil is oftentimes viewed in todays society through our merelyice system.It is this constant battle between the police and criminals that keep our society at balance. Superstitions fly the coop a big part in some cultures and are still prevalent in todays society. Just like Macbeth, people follow these superstitions that are amaze into their mind. They believe that in that respect will be a bad out come on so, they follow these superstitions to keep out of danger or bad fortune. When the three w itches certain Macbeth about his presage he was in shock but felt anxious for it to happen sooner than later.The ambition that made him want to fulfill that prophesy took a lot of wrong doing but he went ahead and did it anyways. The fact that his wifes ambition for Macbeth was even stronger than his own and encourages him even more to make that prophesy come true. In todays society there are many ambitious people out there because without ambition people wouldnt get very far and would Just give up. For high school teenagers their ambition may be wanting to attend a college of their choice and will work hard in order to omplete their goal.Along with ambition, violence is also s recurring theme in Macbeth because there was a murder in basically every act. Throughout the play there is a lot of killing, fighting and blood, which are all results of violence. No matter how much we wish violence wasnt around in todays society it is still redeem because of the disagreement between two p arties. War is a big factor of violence because two countries or whoever cant come to an agreement so they result in violence.

Actus Reas and Men Rea

Actus Reus and Mens Rea Actus reus and mens rea are two of the five elements of a crime that the prosecution may have to tell to get a conviction in a criminal case. Actus reus is the criminal process. Mens rea is the in decennaryt to commit the crime. In general, the more than serious a crime is, the more important it is for the prosecution to prove that both a criminal act was committed and that there was criminal objective. These more serious crimes are excessively know as contain crimes. Not surprisingly, conduct crimes involve the proof of criminal conduct. Criminal conduct is often confused with criminal acts.The distinction is that criminal conduct involves both actus reus and mens rea, whereas a criminal act only involves actus reus. In the most severe of crimes, such as criminal homicide, three more elements of crime must be proven concurrence, attendant circumstances and a bad result. Actus reus and mens rea are important because both elements are necessary to get a conviction beyond a reasonable doubt in a criminal case (Samaha, 2008, chap. 3). In order to qualify as actus reus, the act must be deemed a bodily movement that was voluntary.The reason for this is that the law is intended to punish people who meant to commit the act or can be blamed for the act. Only thusly are they responsible for the criminal acts they commit. Criminal law does not intend to punish people who are not responsible for the acts they committed. The problem is that most criminal codes come through vague descriptions of what a voluntary act is. Many times, the definition involves to be inferred by looking at the list of exceptions (involuntary acts) to voluntary acts. An supplicant in case of Brown v.State centered around whether the jury should be given specific instructions by the judge on how to ascertain whether an act was voluntary. The defendant in that case, Alfred Brown, was bumped with a moholding was that the defendant was entitled to have the jury cons ider the voluntariness of his acts (Samaha, 2008, chap. 3). In order to have Mens Rea, one of two kinds of good luck need to be established personal or objective fault. Subjective fault is more easily identifiable. Subject fault is having a bad mind, or doing something that you knew to be abuse.Objective fault does not involve a purposeful or conscious bad mind. Objective fault involves establishing that the act should have been known to be wrong by the average person. In the appeal of the case of State v. Stark, the defendant, Calvin Stark, challenged a second degree assault conviction on the crusade that he did not intend to inflict bodily harm by having unprotected sex after he was knowingly HIV positive. Mr. Starks appeal was on the grounds that subjective fault could not be established for the crime he was alleged to have committed.Mr. Starks lost the appeal in large part because objective fault was undeniably present in this case since the average person knows that HIV can be passed to another person by having unprotected sex (Samaha, 2008, chap. 4). straightforward Samaritan shape and American Bystander Rule The Good Samaritan Rule and the American Bystander Rule both address the requirements of what a person has to do if they are witnessing and incident where a situation requires assistance. There are really no other similarities between these reins.The Good Samaritan Rule is only used in a few jurisdictions. This rule makes a person legally responsible to either help or call for help when a person is in need. In contrast, the American Bystander Rule states that there is no legal duty to help someone in need, even if it the bystander is risking nothing by helping someone or calling for help. make up in cases where it is clearly morally wrong to stand by and watch someone suffer, the bystander is not violating any criminal law by doing nothing (Samaha, 2008, p. 91). In the case of Commonwealth v.Pestinakas, the defendants, Helen and Walter Pesti nakas were convicted of third degree murder in Pennsylvania for neglecting to care for an elderly man who was terminally ill. In the appeal to this case, the judgments of sentence (five to ten years in prison for each defendant) were upheld because the tribunal ruled that there was a legally binding oral contract in place for the Pestinakases to provide care for the victim, Joseph Kly. The Good Samaritan Rule does not apply in Pennsylvania and the American Bystander Rule does apply.The dissenting opinion was interesting in that it was pointed out that the general assembly may not have intended for a contractual duty to be a duty imposed by law. If indeed that were not the intent of the legislature, then the Pestinakases may very well have won their appeal based on the American Bystander Rule. Although neglecting an elderly man while serving as his caretaker is probably morally wrong in the eyes of most, the American Bystander Rule would have protected the Pestinakases from legal p rosecution (Samaha, 2008, p. 92-93). In the case of State v.Kuntz, the defendant, comely Kuntz stabbed her boyfriend, Warren Becker, and then did not call for help, so he bled to death. In addition to being convicted of negligent homicide, the defendant was also charged with a straighten out crime for failure to summon for medical aid. Ms. Kuntz appealed the latter conviction with the American Bystander Rule as her basis. There are some exceptions to the American Bystander Rule that do make a bystander criminally liable for a failure to act. In the opinion of the court, this case met one of those exceptions, since Ms.Kuntz had a duty to summon for help because she created the peril. In other words, if you mortally wound someone, you are criminally liable if you dont summon for aid, notwithstanding the American Bystander Rule (http//www. soc. umn. edu). The Good Samaritan Rule is also not always so cut and dry. Although the rule requires that you help someone in need or summon for help, but a novel ruling, Van schnozzle v. Watson, held that a state statute only protects people who attempt to provide medical care to someone who needs it.In Van Horn v. Watson, court held that the co-defendant, Lisa Torti was held liable for rendering the defendant, Alexandra Van Horn, paraplegic after pulling Van Horn from a vehicle that Torti thought was going to explode (Miller, 2009). Although this was not a criminal case, this shows that the Good Samaritan Rule does not provide protection against every scenario of helping a victim in need, just as the American Bystander Rule does not the bystander from needing to help or summon for help for a person in need.Although the rules seem to be opposites, each has exceptions that make them more similar. formative and Actual Possession Constructive possession is when someone has control of a banned substance, but it is not on his/her person. In other words, it may be in or on something he/she owns, such as a vehicle, a place the y live, such as their house, or another area he/she controls, such as his/her office. Actual possession is when someone has physical control of the banned substance. In other words in might be in their shoe.Constructive and active possession both need to meet the two aspects of possession. In order to constitute possession as a criminal act, there needs to be both control of the items and awareness of the control. The main difference between reconstructive and active possession is that with active possession, the substance is found on the person, whereas with constructive possession, the substance is found in an area in which the person is responsible (Samaha, 2008, p. 97). The case of Miller v.State provides a good discussion in the courts opinion on constructive possession. In that case, a passenger in a car was convicted of possession of marijuana and cocaine. The defendant, James Luther Miller, appealed the case on the grounds that he did not knowingly possess the drugs. Other passengers in the car were smoking marijuana and they had crack cocaine stashed in the car. In the appeal, the court sustain the marijuana possession conviction and reversed and dismissed the cocaine possession conviction.According to the court opinion, in order to constitute constructive possession in a case involving multiple occupants in an automobile, there are several things that need to be considered. These factors include whether the drugs were in plain view of the accused, whether they were found on the accused, whether they were in close proximity to the accused, whether the accused is the owner of the car and whether the accused acted suspiciously.In this case, many of these factors were probably true in the case of the marijuana, but none of them were definitively true in the case of the cocaine. In the case of the cocaine, the court found that Mr. Miller did not have knowing possession of the cocaine and instead had mere possession. Only element 109 and Washington do no t require knowing possession to charge someone with criminal possession. Since this case was in Arkansas, the appeal was successful for Mr.Miller on the cocaine possession charge (Samaha, 2008, pp. 97-98). References Did she have a legal duty to report or intervene? Retrieved from http//www. soc. umn. edu/samaha/cases/state_v_kuntz_omission. htm. Miller, C. (2009, January 14). Calif. lawmakers rush to rescue good samaritans in wake of court ruling. The Recorder. Retrieved from http//www. law. com/jsp/article. jsp? id=1202427434865&slreturn=1&hbxlogin=1. Samaha, J. (2008). Criminal Law. (9th ed. , chap. 3-4). Belmont, CA Thomson Learning, Inc.

Childhood Obesity Annotated Bib

English 100/009 Annotated bibliography- Child Obesity in the States Taras, H. , Potts-Datema, W. (2005) Obesity and student performance at school. Journal of School Health, 75, 291-295. Retrieved October 4, 2005 from EBSCO (8) This Journal talks about corpulency among school-aged children and academic outcomes. The authors reviewed published studies investigating obesity, school performance, and rank of student absenteeism. The book is recent (2005) so I feel that the information provided go away still be the similar to today.I feel this is relevant to my research as it proves that obesity rear cause problems in other important aspects of life. It also provides very satisfying facts that forget back my research very well. Okie, Susan. Fed Up Winning the War against Childhood Obesity. Washington, D. C Joseph Henry Press, 2005. Print. This book examines some of the factors contributing to childhood obesity, such as poor forage, lack of exercise, suburban sprawl, and TV, and prov ides advice on how parents can make positive changes. It primarily focuses on these issues within America.It covers a all-embracing variety of topics with the main topic of obesity, which I think I will find beneficial to my research as all these factors contribute. Dalton, Sharron. Our Overweight Children What Parents, Schools, and Communities Can Do to Control the Fatness Epidemic. Berkeley University of California Press, 2004. Print. This book looks at whats behind the statistics and diagnoses, and considers what can be done about the major health crisis threatening American children. Dalton begins with the basics what obesity is, what causes it, and why it matters.Integrating information from scientific and popular sources, she reviews current diet and exercise recommendations for healthy living, comparing these recommendations with everyday realities experienced by American families. I feel this book will be good for all popular understanding as it starts basic and then gets more in depth. I believe this will contribute well to my research as it covers a wide basis and focus on main points that could be causing this epidemic i. e parents. smith, J C. Understanding Childhood Obesity.Jackson University Press of Mississippi, 1999. Internet resource. Dr. J Clinton Smith tries to cover nearly every field of obesity research. The book deals with methods of control, the bodys physical and chemical makeup, prevention strategies, new treatments and behavior modifications and future research. Again, this will be very beneficial to my research but even more so as it focuses a lot on the psychological side of obesity, where as the others and focusing more on the food itself and the contributing factors. Hills, Andrew P, Neil A.King, and Nuala M. Byrne. Children, Obesity and Exercise Prevention, Treatment, and Management of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity. London Routledge, 2007. Print. This book covers 3 major topics of obesity the prevention, treatment and the m anagement . Even though this not specifically for American children, I feel that it will still be beneficial as obesity is a global epidemic. I believe this will be a good aspect for my research as it covers how obesity in children can be prevented and I feel this is what America needs to know.

Health and Safety act 1974 Essay

The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, also referred to as HASAW or HSW, is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in the United Kingdom. The Health and Safety Executive is responsible for enforcing the Act and a number of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the figureing environment.Covers safe plant and systems of work safe methods for the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances necessary information, instruction, training and supervision a safe and well-maintained workplace, including safe access and egress a safe working environment with adequate welfare facilitiesThis legislation requires employers to prepare, and maintain up-to-date, a statement present the policy on safety and the organisation and arrangements put in place to agree the general policy is carried out. The employer must ensure that all employees are conscious of the policy and any revision.Manufacturing organisationTasty Bake- Tasty B ake is one of the UKs leading sausage manufacturers. Cardamon Pod- Cardamon Pod is a pure business pass a wide range of delicious savoury and sweet samosas to both public and private clients throughout the UK and overseas.Service providerChef per Tutti offering a private chef service.Planglow Ltd. Planglow is a recognised market leader for the supply of branded paper-based products to the catering industry.Main causes of injury Manual handling and lifting especially lifting unplumbed and awkward loads and pushing wheeled racks Slips and trips mostly due to wet or contaminated floors Falls from height off ladders, stairs, work platforms, plant and vehicles taken with(p) by an object (eg hand knife) or striking against an object (eg plant) Exposure to harmful substances and hot objects, eg splashes/vapour from cleaning chemicals, contact with hot equipment electricality at work regulations 1989This legislation places legal implications on employers to ensure the safety o f electrical devices in the workplace.Covers meet all persons working on or near electrical equipment are competent, to prevent danger and injury Maintain electrical systems in safe condition Carry out electrical work safely command equipment is suitable and safe to use in terms- of strength and capability of use in adverse or hazardous environments e.g. weather, dirt, dust, gases, mechanical hazards, flammable atmospheres, etc Ensure effective insulation of conductors in a systemThis legislation is requires precautions to be taken against the risk of death or personal injury from electricity during work activities.Manufacturing organisationMcKinlay Electrical Manufacturing Co. Ltd.Elkay Electrical Manufacturing Company LtdCustomer providersSouthern ElectricE-onMain hazards Electric shock Electric burns Fires of electrical origin Electric arcing causing Arc Eye Explosions initiated or caused by electricityDisplay screen equipment regulations 1992The Health and Safety (Display Sc reen Equipment) Regulations 1992 aim to protect the health of raft who work with DSE. The Regulations were introduced because DSE has become one of the most common kinds of work equipment.Covers Assess display screen equipment workstations and reduce any risks which are discovered. Make sure that workstations satiate the essential safety requirements which are set for the display screen, keyboard, desk and chair, working environment, task design and software Plan display screen equipment work so that thither are breaks or changes of activity Provide information and training for display screen equipment usersThis legislation requires Employers have to carry out a suitable and adequate analysis of all workstations provided for use by users or operators in other words, a risk assessment. DSE workstations must meet the Schedule of Minimum Requirements. Employers have to ensure that users get periodic breaks or changes of activity away from the display screen equipment. Employers have to provide information to users and operators on risks identified by the assessment, steps taken to reduce the risks, and, where appropriate, the systems for breaks and for eyesight tests.Manufacturing organisationComputer manufacturers Dell, Asus.Customer providersShops Asda, Tesco, Boots, they are using screen equipment. Accountantassistant job working with computers.Risks Upper Limb Disorders aches and hurt in the hands, wrists, arms, neck, shoulders, back etc. Visual Difficulties eyes can become tired and existing conditions can become more noticeable.

Chapter 3: Structure and Function of the Cell

Chapter 3 Structure and Function of the Cell Multiple Choice 1. The structural and doal unit of only(prenominal) living organisms is the A)ribo near. B) jail electric boothular ph 1ph unitaryph nonp areil. C)organ. D)organelle. E) plasma tissue layer. root b take aim 1 2. Which of the chase could be used to study general features of cells? A)a magnifying glass B) see electron microscope C)transmission electron microscope D)binoculars E)light microscope tell e train 1 3. In order to study in detail, the anatomy of internal cell parts, it would be best to use A)x-rays. B)flashlights. C)a transmission electron microscope (TEM). D)tissue cultures. E)a scanning electron microscope (SEM). event c level 1 4. The plasma tissue layer A)separates the gist from the rest of the cell. B)is a rigid protein tissue layer. C)is not permeable. D)has a whizz degree of phospho lipoids. E)regulates exercise of fabrics into and out of the cell. say e take 1 5. The environment outside th e plasma membrane is most appropriately referred to as A)intracellular. B)extracellular. C)multicellular. D)centrocellular. E)none of the above. retort b take aim 1 6. The fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane suggests that A)cholesterol forms the outermost layer of the membrane. B)proteins form a liquid sea in the membrane.C)phospho lipids form a single lipid layer in the center of the membrane. D)the membrane is neither rigid nor static in organize. E)proteins are not a part of the membrane. serve d direct 1 7. According to the most current model of the plasma membrane A)cholesterol forms the innermost layer of the membrane B)proteins are free to flow about with a double layer of phospholipids C)phospholipids and cholesterol form a single lipid bilayer D)the membrane is a rigid unchanging body structure E)the membrane is impermeable to all other molecules. Answer b train 1 8. Which of the hobby activities is a get of the plasma membrane?A)digestion of un acquireed ce ll organelles B)recognition of bacteriuml cells by the immune system C)transport of products from the nucleus to the supplantoplasmic reticulum D)cell metabolism E)detoxification Answer b direct 2 9. Plasma membrane phospholipids A)have opposite (charged) tails. B)are arranged in a single layer. C)have tails that face the exterior of the membrane. D)are 95% cholesterol. E)have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. Answer e take aim 1 10. Which of the following is separately matched with its function? A)channel proteins are part of an intercellular discourse system B)marker molecules are primarily steroidsC)receptor molecules attach to ligand molecules. D)peripheral proteins penetrate the lipid bilayer from one surface to the other. E)nongated ion channels are eternally closed. Answer c take 1 11. In general, pissing-soluble molecules diffuse by means of the ______ ______ and lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the ______ ______. A)protein channels protein c hannels B)protein channels bilipid layer C)bilipid layer protein channels D)bilipid layer bilipid layer E)none of the above Answer b aim 2 12. Cell membrane phospholipids A)have nonpolar fatty acid tails. B)form a bilayer. C)have polar phosphate heads.D)create a selectively permeable barrier. E)all of the above Answer e level 1 13. When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called A)open-gated channels. B)voltage-gated channels. C) chemical-gated channels. D)ligand-gated channels. E)nongated ion channels. Answer b take 2 14. Communication between cells occurs when chemical messengers from one cell bind to _____ on another cell. A)channel proteins B)receptor molecules C)marker molecules D)second messengersE)integrins. Answer b aim 1 15. Channel proteins A)are stick sites for other molecules. B)utilize the G protein complex to function. C) are rig only on endoplasmic reticulum. D)allow cells to recognize one another. E)provide a door through which extracellular molecules can enter the cell Answer e train 1 16. Molecules that serve as chemical signals in cell to cell communication are called A)iso squeezees. B)ligands. C)responders. D)communicators. E)membrane potentials. Answer b Level 1 17. Cells that respond to ligands A)possess receptor sites for specific ligands. B)generally produce the ligands.C)have lysosomes that destroy the ligands. D)are using electrical signals in cellualar communication. E)are not serviceable. Answer a Level 1 18. Membrane-bound receptors A)are small, lipid soluble molecules. B)have their receptor sites on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. C)can interact with desoxyribonucleic acid in the nucleus. D)do not exhibit specificity. E)have no effect on the cell. Answer b Level 1 19. Consider the following events and choose the one that occurs last. A)Acetylcho course of instruction is put underd from neurons. B)Acetylcholine diffuses across the synapse to the receptor. C)Na+ ion channels in the plasma membrane are opened.D)Acetylcholine binds to membrane-bound receptors on osteal muscle cells E)Na+ ions diffuse into skeletal muscle cells. Answer e Level 2 20. G proteins are effectuate associated with the A)nucleus. B)cytoplasm. C)Golgi body. D)plasma membrane. E)ribosome. Answer d Level 1 21. Communication between cells is essential to coordinate the activity of the trillions of cell that seduce up the human body. Which of the following is (are) directly questd in carrying out communication between cells? A)lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane B)receptor molecules of plasma membrane C)chemical signal molecules released by cells D)mitochondriaE)b and c Answer e Level 1 22. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means A)only gases and water can pass through it. B)substances need permission to pass through it. C)only certain substances can pass th rough it. D)substances need aircraft carrier molecules to pass through it. E)adenosine triphosphate is al moods needed to move molecules across the plasma membrane. Answer c Level 1 23. Vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin, would move across the plasma membrane into the cell A)in vesicles. B)through vitamin membrane channels. C)by dissolving in the lipid bilayer. D)by transport with carrier molecules. E)by active transport. Answer c Level 2 24.Which of the following statements c erstrning membrane transport across the plasma membrane is true? A)Polar molecules are transported more easily than nonpolar molecules. B)Lipid-soluble substances pass through the membrane by dissolving in the lipid bilayer. C)Water cannot move through the membrane. D)Generally, cations pass through the membrane more easily than anions. E)All molecules are moved across by active transport. Answer b Level 1 25. The aroma of cookies baking in the kitchen r separatelyes you in the living room. The statistical dis tribution of this odor throughout the house is an example of A)active transport. B)dialysis. C)osmosis. D)filtration.E)simple spreading. Answer e Level 2 26. In the swear out of diffusion, net course of substances is always from a share A)outside the cell to a region inside the cell. B)inside the cell to a region outside the cell. C)of lower dousing to a region of higher concentration. D)of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. E)none of the above Answer d Level 1 27. Which of the following will increase the rate of diffusion? A)an increase in the viscosity of the solvent B)an increase in the temperature C)an increase in the molecular(a) weight of the diffusing particles D)an increase in the distance the molecules have to sparkE)all of the above Answer b Level 1 28. Salt was added to a beaker of distilled water (the water was not stirred). A sample taken from the bottom of the beaker was found to be 20% salt. At the same time, a sample taken from the top of the beaker was found to be 2% salt. After 24 hours A)the difference in the percentage of salt between the top and bottom samples would increase. B)the percentage of salt in top and bottom samples would be approximately equal. C)the samples would still be 2% and 20% respectively. D)the salt would float to the top. E)none of the above Answer b Level 2 29.The endeavour of group O from the alveoli of the lungs into the bloodstream is an example of A)diffusion. B)osmosis. C)active transport. D)bulk transport. E)facilitated diffusion. Answer a Level 2 30. Osmosis is the diffusion of _____ across a selectively permeable membrane. A)urea B)oxygen C)water D)sodium E)sugar Answer c Level 1 31. Solution A charters 5 grams of sugar per liter while answer B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The results are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move.A)move by simple diffusion fr om solution A to solution B B)move by osmosis from solution B to solution A C)move by active transport from solution B to solution A D)move by filtration from solution A to solution B E)there will be no movement of water Answer b Level 3 32. The great the concentration of a solution, the greater A)the tendency for water to diffuse from the solution. B)the osmotic pressure of the solution. C)the publication of carrier molecules present. D)the amount of solvent. E)the rate of facilitated diffusion. Answer b Level 1 33. A red blood cell that is pose in a hypertonic solution, A)gains water.B)loses water. C)floats. D)ruptures. E)neither gains nor loses water. Answer b Level 2 34. If 0. 9% saline solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0. 5% saline solution A)is hypertonic to the cell. B)will cause crenation of the cell. C)is hypotonic to the cell. D)will shrink the cell. E)will not regard the cell. Answer c Level 2 35. A person suffered from burns over a Brobdingnagian part of his b ody. Evaporation of fluid from the surface of burnt areas occurs. As a result of the evaporation process, cells will tend to A)shrink. B)swell. C)rupture. D)first swell and then resume their original shape. E)remain unchanged. Answer aLevel 2 36. Plasma has an osmolality of 300 mOsm. A solution isosmotic with plasma has an osmolality of A)150 mOsm. B)300 mOsm. C)450 mOsm. D)600 mOsm. E)900 mOsm. Answer b Level 2 37. A runner produced hypotonic sweat while running a endurance contest in hot weather. After the race he drank large volumes of water, as a result of the water intake his body cells will A)shrink. B)swell. C)crenate. D)shrivel. E)not change. Answer b Level 2 38. The movement of a solution across a plasma membrane because of a pressure slope is called A)diffusion. B)osmosis. C)facilitated diffusion. D)active transport. E)filtration. Answer eLevel 1 39. Which of the following would increase the rate of mediated transport? A)increase the figure of available carrier molecule s B)change the shape of the binding site on the carrier molecule C)increase the number of agonistic molecules D)fill all binding sites on carrier molecules E)remove the binding site on the carrier molecule Answer a Level 2 40. A token membrane transport process exhibits saturation, uses carrier molecules, but does not require ATP. The process is probably A)active transport. B)facilitated diffusion. C)osmosis. D)pinocytosis. E)phagocytosis. Answer b Level 2 41. Active transportA)follows osmotic pressure gradients. B)can move substances along their concentration gradient. C)does not requires metabolic energy (ATP). D)involves vesicle formation. E)requires ATP. Answer e Level 1 42. Which of the following are unvarying with active transport? 1. movement is against a concentration gradient 2. movement is with a concentration gradient 3. involves a carrier molecule 4. can involve cotransport 5. can involve counter transport 6. exhibits competition and saturation A)1, 3, 4, 5, 6 B)2, 3, 4, 5 C)2, 3, 4, 5, 6 D)1, 3, 4, 6 E)1, 3, 5, 6 Answer a Level 2 43. Cyanide stops the production of ATP.Which of the following processes would be unnatural? A)simple diffusion B)osmosis C)active transport D)facilitated diffusion E)filtration Answer c Level 2 44. The sodium-potassium exchange substance located in the plasma membrane A)actively transports potassium into cells. B)osmotically moves sodium into cells. C)actively transports water out of cells. D)moves chlorine out of cells. E)actively transports sodium into cells. Answer a Level 1 45. When ions or molecules involved in secondary active transport move in the same direction, the process is called A)facilitated diffusion. B)counter-transport. C)exocytosis. D)cotransport. E)endocytosis.Answer d Level 1 46. Which of the following events occurs in the secondary active transport of glucose? A)Na+ ions and glucose are cotransported by the same carrier molecule. B)The Na+-K+ pump maintains a Na+ concentration gradient inside th e cell. C)Energy comes from diffusion of Na+ down their concentration gradient. D)Glucose is moved against its concentration gradient into the cell. E)all of the above Answer e Level 2 47. A group of cells was treated with a proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme. Which of the following processes would be least affected by this treatment? A)diffusion of sodium through sodium membrane channelsB)diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules through the plasma membrane C)use of carrier molecules in facilitated diffusion D)sodium-potassium exchange pump E)secondary active transport Answer b Level 2 48. Certain cells in the liver ingest bacteria and debris from violated cells by a process called A)pinocytosis. B)phagocytosis. C)biocytosis. D)calmly regulated diffusion. E)exocytosis. Answer b Level 2 49. Pinocytosis A)is a form of exocytosis. B)involves ingestion of liquids rather than particles. C)does not require ATP. D)forms vesicles only when large amounts of material are being transported. E )does not require the formation of vesicles.Answer b Level 1 50. Endocytosis A)is movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. B)is a process that requires a carrier molecule but does not use cellular energy. C)is the bulk usance of material through the plasma membrane by vesicle formation. D)moves material out of the cell. E)ends cell functions. Answer c Level 1 51. Arrange the following events of exocytosis in the correct sequence 1. vesicle membrane fuses with plasma membrane 2. secretory vesicles migrate to plasma membrane 3. vesicle contents are expelled from cell 4. secretions stash within secretory vesicles A)2, 1, 4, 3B)1, 4, 2, 3 C)3, 1, 4, 2 D)4, 2, 1, 3 E)1, 2, 3, 4 Answer d Level 3 52. Receptor-mediated endocytosis A)does not need ATP the receptors supply the energy. B)exhibits specificity. C)occurs if oxygen is available. D)is a type of passive transport. E)moves materials out of the cell. Answer b Level 1 53. Which of the following are consistent with facilitated diffusion? 1. movement is against a concentration gradient 2. movement is with a concentration gradient 3. involves a carrier molecule 4. involves cotransport 5. involves counter transport 6. exhibits competition and saturation A)1, 2, 4, 5, 6 B)2, 3, 6C)2, 3, 5, 6 D)1, 3, 4, 5, 6 E)2, 3, 4, 6 Answer b Level 2 54. Which of the following would increase the maximum rate of facilitated diffusion? A)increase the concentration gradient of the transported molecule B)decrease the concentration gradient of the transported molecule C)increase the concentration of the competitive molecules D)increased ATP entailment E)none of the above Answer e Level 3 55. If a toxic drug inhibited messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis, which of the following would be most directly affected? A)protein synthesis B)intracellular digestion C)microtubule production D)secretion of glycoproteins and lipoproteinsE)active transport Answer a Level 2 56. Cytoplasm is found A)in the nucleus. B)outside the nu cleus but inside the plasma membrane. C)in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. D)on the cristae of the mitochondria. E)between the phospholipids in the plasma membrane. Answer b Level 1 57. The cytoskeleton consists of A)lipochromes, microfilaments, and microtubules. B)actin filaments, mitochondria, and intermediate filaments. C)microfilaments, mitochondria, and lipochromes. D)microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. E)ribosomes, the nucleus, and the Golgi apparatus. Answer d Level 1 58.Absence of a cytoskeleton might affect A)cell shape. B)the number of channel proteins in the cell membrane. C)the ability of the cell to generate energy. D)vesicle formation. E)membrane transport. Answer a Level 1 59. Microtubules A)are the smallest components of the cytoskeleton. B)contains the protein myosin. C)provide structure and support to the cytoplasm. D)are solid, supporting rods of protein. E)are a component of mitochondria. Answer c Level 1 60. Of the organelles l isted, which one does not contain microtubules? A)cilia B)flagella C)centrioles D)microvilli E)basal bodies Answer d Level 1 61.Organelles A)are extracellular structures. B)are unspecialized portions of a cell. C)generally lack membranes. D)vary in number and type depending on cell function. E)are structural, but not functional parts of the cell. Answer d Level 2 62. Which of the following organelles function in the destruction of nonfunctional organelles? A)endoplasmic reticulum B)centrioles C)basal bodies D)lysosomes E)mitochondria Answer d Level 1 63. Ribosomes are organelles responsible for A)protein synthesis. B)manufacturing lipids. C)cell movement and cell shape. D)pack agedness cell products for export. E)energy production.Answer a Level 1 64. Cells that lack ribosomes cannot A)produce energy. B)eliminate wastes. C)engage in protein synthesis. D)package cellular products. E)ingest and phagocytize bacteria. Answer c Level 1 65. Skeletal muscle cells need large numbers of ____ ___ to make the many proteins they contain. A)centrosomes B)peroxisomes C)liposomes D)ribosomes E)lysosomes Answer d Level 2 66. If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cells _____ could be compared to the manufacturing plants transport department. A)nucleus B)lysosome C)Golgi apparatus D)endoplasmic reticulumE)ribosome Answer c Level 2 67. The organelle that protects cells from the damaging effects of medications and toxins is the A)ribosome. B)microtubule. C)secretory vesicle. D)smooth endoplasmic reticulum. E)mitochondria. Answer d Level 1 68. The function of the Golgi apparatus is A)packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids. B)production of microtubules. C)excretion of excess salt. D)DNA procreation. E)energy production. Answer a Level 1 69. Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to it is called A)smooth ER. B)dendritic ER. C)nodular ER. D)bumpy ER. E)rough ER. Answer e Level 1 70.A cell that produces many proteins for secretion from the cell would have large numbers of A)rough ER and Golgi. B)lysosomes and Golgi. C)Golgi and microvilli. D)ribosomes and centrioles. E)mitochondria and cilia. Answer a Level 2 71. Arrange the following in correct sequence 1. Protein moves through ER and then carried in vesicles to Golgi. 2. Vesicle pinches off from Golgi and carries product to plasma membrane. 3. Golgi modifies protein and then packages them into vesicles. 4. Protein made by ribosomes on rough ER. A)1, 2, 3, 4 B)4, 1, 3, 2 C)2, 3, 1, 4 D)3, 2, 4, 1 E)4, 3, 2, 1 Answer b Level 2 72.A toxic drug destroyed the Golgi apparatus. This would affect A)ribosomal RNA synthesis. B)intracellular digestion. C)energy production. D)microtubule production. E)packaging of glycoproteins and lipoproteins. Answer e Level 2 73. The intracellular digestive system of a cell is the A)lysosome. B)microtubule. C)lipochrome. D)rough endoplasmic reticulum. E)smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Answer a Level 1 74. White blood cells eat other c ells and would be expected to A)have large numbers of lysosomes. B)possess cilia on their surfaces so they can move quickly. C)excrete excess salt as a result of all this eating.D)expel their nuclei to make room for all of the cells they eat. E)have mitochondria to hasten them. Answer a Level 2 75. Which of the following activities is associated with lysosomes? A)exocytosis B)intracellular support C)destruction of nonfunctional organelles D)energy production E)endocytosis Answer c Level 1 76. A cell with superabundant peroxisomes would most likely be involved in A)secretion. B)storage of glycogen. C)detoxification activities. D)cellular communication. E)protein synthesis. Answer c Level 1 77. Damaged cells can destroy nearby healthy cells when they release ________ enzymes. A)mitochondrialB)nuclear C)microtubular D)lysosomal E)cytoplasmic Answer d Level 1 78. A cells ability to replenish ATP is reduced by a metabolic poison. Which organelle is being affected? A)nucleus B)centriole C)microtubule D)mitochondrion E)ribosomes Answer d Level 2 79. Experimental manipulation to increase the energy output of the cell might include A)rupturing the lysosomes in the cell. B)increasing the number of mitochondria. C)decreasing nuclear size. D)removing some of the ribosomes. E)increasing protein synthesis. Answer b Level 1 80. Which of the following terms does not relate to the mitochondria? A)cristaeB)self-replicating C)outer and inner membranes D)ATP E)vitamin A storage Answer e Level 1 81. When a person trains for running long distances, which of the following organelles increase in his/her muscles? A)rough endoplasmic reticulum B)enzymes for glycolysis C)basal bodies D)lysosomes E)mitochondria Answer e Level 2 82. You are smell at a cell with the electron microscope and you notice the following characteristics presence of many mitochondria and lysosomes few, if any, Golgi and many ribosomes. Which of the following is the most likely function of that cell? A)secretion of lipids B)intracellular digestionC)DNA replication D)modification of protein E)absorption of nutrients Answer b Level 2 83. Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched? A)mitochondria cristae B)Golgi apparatus cisternae C)lysosomes hydrolytic enzymes D)smooth endoplasmic reticulum chromatin E)cilia basal bodies Answer d Level 1 84. Mitochondria A)contains DNA. B)have inner and outer membranes. C)have inner folds called cristae. D)are the cells power plants. E)all of the above Answer e Level 1 85. Which of the following cell organelles is correctly matched with its function? A)nucleolus contains the genetic material of the cellB)microtubules cell support C)mitochondria protein synthesis D)smooth ER ATP production E)ribosome energy production Answer b Level 1 86. A cell can meet increased energy demands by an A)increase in its overall size so it has more room to generate energy. B)increase in the number of mitochondria. C)increase in lysosomal enzyme and ribosome activity within the cell. D)increase in nuclear DNA activity. E)increase in ribosomal subunits. Answer b Level 1 87. A cell uses centrioles in the process of A)cell division. B)energy generation. C)protein synthesis. D)RNA replication. E)nuclear centering.Answer a Level 1 88. Cilia and flagella are distinguished from each other on the basis of A)width and numbers. B)length and numbers. C)depth and numbers. D)length and width. E)none of the above Answer b Level 1 89. Microvilli A)are extensions of the lysosomal membrane. B)function to make the cell mobile. C)are supported by microtubules. D)move the cell. E)increase the surface area of the cell. Answer e Level 1 90. Which of the following cell organelles does not contain microtubules? A)cilia B)flagella C)spindle fibers D)centrioles E)All of the above contain microtubules. Answer e Level 1 91.The control center of the cell is the A)nucleus. B)ribosome. C)mitochondrion. D)plasma membrane. E)endoplasmic reticulum. Answer a Level 1 92. Which of the following events occurs in the nucleus? A)large and small ribosomal subunits combine B)ribosomal proteins formed C)large and small ribosomal subunits form D)formation of free ribosomes E)None of the above occur in the nucleus. Answer c Level 1 93. Which of the following structures is found in the nucleus? A)cristae B)cytosol C)cisternae D)chromosome E)flattened membrane sacs Answer d Level 1 94. The nucleus of a cell functions to A)digest lipids.B)produce ATP. C)produce secretory vesicles. D)control and coordinate cellular activities. E)synthesize proteins. Answer d Level 1 95. Nucleoli A)are located in the cytoplasm. B)produce ribosomal subunits. C)have a distinct membrane. D)are important for the formation of the Golgi apparatus. E)regulates movement of materials into the nucleus. Answer b Level 1 96. Which of the following correctly matches a nuclear structure with its function? A)chromosomes contains RNA and histones B)nuclear envelope contains the nucleolar organ izer C)nuclear pores allow molecules to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm.D)chromatin fluid portion of the nucleus E)nucleolus DNA synthesis Answer c Level 1 97. Glycolysis A)converts glycogen to glucose. B)reduces pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water. C)converts glucose to pyruvic acid. D)is oxygen dependent. E)does not occur in the cell. Answer c Level 1 98. Aerobic respiration occurs when _______ is available. A)carbon dioxide B)oxygen C)lactic acid D)light E)nitrogen Answer b Level 1 99. Anaerobic respiration A)occurs in cells when oxygen supplies do not meet cell demands. B)produces 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. C)occurs in the mitochondria.D)frequently involves the electron transport system. E)is referred to as the citric acid cycle. Answer a Level 1 100. Messenger RNA A)is synthesized when a portion of a DNA molecule is transcribed. B)directs the synthesis of DNA. C)determines the sequence of nucleotides in the anticodons of tRNA. D)directs the synthesis of centrioles in the cytoplasm. E)is not involved in the synthesis of proteins. Answer a Level 1 101. The transfer of information from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) is known as A)transduction. B)translocation. C)translation. D)transcription. E)transmutation. Answer d Level 1 102.Which of the following sequences is correct? A)translation ( protein synthesis ( transcription B)transcription ( translation ( protein synthesis C)transcription ( protein synthesis ( translation D)translation ( transcription ( protein synthesis E)protein synthesis ( translation (transcription Answer b Level 1 103. rendition A)requires three types of DNA. B)requires the pairing of codons on mRNA with anticodons on tRNA. C)involves synthesis of RNA from DNA molecules. D)takes place in the nucleus. E)requires replication of DNA. Answer b Level 1 104. Which of the following molecules contains the anticodon?A)mRNA B)rRNA C)tRNA D)DNA E)none of the above Answer c Level 1 105. If a mRNA molecule is 1800 nucleotides ( posteriors) in length, this molecule will contain _____ codons. A)400 B)600 C)800 D)900 E)1200 Answer b Level 2 106. The sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule is needed to determine the A)sequence of nucleotides in a gene. B)sequence of amino acids in a protein. C)sequence of nucleotides in the anticodons of tRNA. D)sequence of codons in DNA. E)sequence of amino acids in DNA. Answer b Level 1 107. Transcription A)requires three types of RNA. B)synthesizes RNA from DNA.C)occurs at the ribosomes. D)copies information from mRNA to tRNA. E)synthesizes DNA from RNA. Answer b Level 1 108. A DNA base sequence is A T G C C G. The sequence of bases in a string of mRNA transcribed from this sequence of bases in DNA would be A)T A C G G C. B)U T C G G U. C)U A C G G C. D)A U G C C G. E)T A G G G G Answer c Level 2 109. The anticodon sequence GUA pairs with which of the following codons? A)CAT B)GUA C)CTU D)CAU E)CTT Answer d Level 2 110. Posttranscriptional processing is the modification of A)proteins to form pro-proteins. B)mRNA to form tRNA. C)pre-mRNA to form functional mRNA.D)exons to form introns. E)DNA. Answer c Level 1 111. Determine the sequence of the following events in a cell after exposure of the cell to a chemical signal. 1. increased synthesis of a protein 2. the chemical signal combined with a cytoplasmic receptor 3. an increase in the nuclear concentration of the chemical 4. an increase in mRNA synthesis 5. genes are activated A)2, 1, 3, 5, 4 B)2, 4, 5, 3, 2 C)2, 3, 5, 4, 1 D)2, 3, 4, 5, 1 E)1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Answer c Level 3 112. DNA replication results in both new DNA molecules. Each of these new molecules A)has dickens newly synthesized strands of nucleotides.B)has one strand of nucleotides from the parent DNA and one newly synthesized strand of nucleotides. C)has two strands of nucleotides from the parent. D)has a single strand of nucleotides. E)are incomplete copies of the original. Answer b Level 1 113. In DNA replication, A)the lead ing strand is formed as a continuous strand. B)new nucleotides are added at the 5 end of the growing DNA strand. C)DNA polymerase splices the short segments of the lagging strand together. D)only introns are replicated. E)the two existing strands are not used as templates. Answer a Level 1 114. MitosisA)forms two daughter cells with half the DNA of the mother cell. B)forms two daughter cells with the same amount of DNA as the mother cell. C)forms daughter cells called gametes. D)forms two daughter cells with twice the amount of DNA as the mother cell. E)forms one daughter cell and another incomplete cell. Answer b Level 1 115. Human somatic cells contain _____ chromosomes, human gametes contain _____ chromosomes. A)23 46 B)23 23 C)46 46 D)46 23 E)92 46 Answer d Level 1 116. DNA synthesis occurs during A)the G1 phase of interphase. B)telophase. C)the S phase of interphase. D)anaphase. E)metaphase. Answer cLevel 1 117. In prophase A)the chromosomes condense, shorten, and thicken. B)th e spindle fibers disappear. C)the chromosomes replicate. D)cytokinesis occurs. E)DNA is synthesized. Answer a Level 1 118. Which of the following events occurs during anaphase? A)Chromatin strands condense to form chromosomes. B)Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. C)Spindle fibers are formed. D)The nuclear envelope degenerates. E)Cytokinesis Answer b Level 1 119. Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in the formation of A)skin cells. B)gametes (egg and sperm). C)diploid cells. D)malignant cells. E)somatic cells.Answer b Level 1 120. Arrange the following events of meiosis in correct sequence. 1. pairs of homologous chromosomes separate 2. tetrad formation occurs 3. second meiotic division 4. tetrads align at the equatorial plate 5. interkinesis A)1, 3, 5, 2, 4 B)2, 4, 1, 5, 3 C)3, 1, 4, 5, 2 D)4, 1, 2, 5, 3 E)2, 4, 1, 3, 5 Answer b Level 2 121. Each of the cells that result from meiosis A)has the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. B)has ha lf the number of chromosomes as the original cell. C)has one-fourth the number of chromosomes as the original cell. D)has twice the number of chromosomes as the original cell.E)has no chromosomes Answer b Level 1 122. Crossing over A)occurs during mitosis. B)increases the amount of genetic diversity. C)results in the formation of chromatids with the same DNA sequences. D)form tetrads. E)decreases the amount of genetic diversity. Answer b Level 1 contact to the following plat for questions 123-127. pic 123. What structure does A represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? A)membrane channel protein B)phospholipid bilayer C)internal membrane surface D)peripheral protein E)receptor protein Answer b Level 1 124. What structure does B represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane?A)membrane channel protein B)phospholipid bilayer C)internal membrane surface D)peripheral protein E)receptor protein Answer a Level 1 125. What structure does C represent on the diagram of the plasma me mbrane? A)membrane channel protein B)phospholipid bilayer C)internal membrane surface D)peripheral protein E)receptor protein Answer e Level 1 126. What structure does D represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? A)membrane channel protein B)phospholipid bilayer C)internal membrane surface D)peripheral protein E)receptor protein Answer d Level 1 127. What structure does E represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane?A)membrane channel protein B)phospholipid bilayer C)internal membrane surface D)peripheral protein E)receptor protein Answer c Level 1 Refer to the following diagram for questions 128-132. pic 128. Red blood cells (RBCs) have been placed in three several(predicate) solutions hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What is solution A relational to the RBC? A)hypotonic solution B)hypertonic solution C)isotonic solution D)hemolyzed E)crenated Answer c Level 3 129. Red blood cells (RBCs) have been placed in three different solutions hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What is solution B relative to the RBC? A)hypotonic solutionB)hypertonic solution C)isotonic solution D)hemolyzed E)crenated Answer b Level 3 130. Red blood cells (RBCs) have been placed in three different solutions hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What is solution C relative to the RBC? A)hypotonic solution B)hypertonic solution C)isotonic solution D)hemolyzed E)crenated Answer a Level 3 131. Red blood cells (RBCs) have been placed in three different solutions hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What is the condition of the RBC in solution C? A)hypotonic solution B)hypertonic solution C)isotonic solution D)hemolyzed E)crenated Answer d Level 3 132.Red blood cells (RBCs) have been placed in three different solutions hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What is the condition of the RBC in solution B? A)hypotonic solution B)hypertonic solution C)isotonic solution D)hemolyzed E)crenated Answer e Level 3 Refer to the following diagram for questions 133-137. pic 133. The diagram is an overview of ce ll metabolism. What does A represent? A)Glucose B)2 lactic acid + 2 ATP C)O2 D)6 carbon dioxide + 6 H2O + 38 ATP E)Pyruvic acid Answer e Level 1 134. The diagram is an overview of cell metabolism. What does B represent? A)Glucose B)2 lactic acid + 2 ATP C)O2 D)6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP E)Pyruvic acidAnswer c Level 1 135. The diagram is an overview of cell metabolism. What does C represent? A)Glucose B)2 lactic acid + 2 ATP C)O2 D)6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP E)Pyruvic acid Answer b Level 1 136. The diagram is an overview of cell metabolism. What does D represent? A)Glucose B)2 lactic acid + 2 ATP C)O2 D)6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP E)Pyruvic acid Answer a Level 1 137. The diagram is an overview of cell metabolism. What does E represent? A)Glucose B)2 lactic acid + 2 ATP C)O2 D)6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP E)Pyruvic acid Answer d Level 1 For questions 138 to 142 match the following processes with the appropriate definition or description.A)requires a carrier molecule but does not use cellular energy B)b ulk uptake of material by the formation of a vesicle C)movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of less concentration D)movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane E)movement of molecules against their concentration gradient 138. active transport Answer e Level 1 139. diffusion Answer c Level 1 140. endocytosis Answer b Level 1 141. facilitated diffusion Answer a Level 1 142. osmosis Answer d Level 1 For questions 143 to 147 match the following types of membrane proteins to its function.A)have subject site on outer cell surface that can attach to ligand B)integral proteins that move ions or molecules across plasma membrane C)form a passageway through the plasma membrane D)allow cells to identify one another E)proteins that can catalyze chemical reactions on inner or outer surface of plasma membrane 143. Marker molecules Answer d Level 1 144. Channel protein Answer c Level 1 145. Receptor molecules Answer a Level 1 146. Enzymes Answer e Level 1 147. Carrier proteins Answer b Level 1 For questions 148 to 152 match the following cell organelles with the appropriate definition or description.A)source of the spindle fibers B)organelles that produce most of the cells energy C)sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes D)sites of protein synthesis E)contains the chromosomes 148. nucleus Answer e Level 1 149. ribosomes Answer d Level 1 150. lysosomes Answer c Level 1 151. mitochondria Answer b Level 1 152. centrioles Answer a Level 1 For questions 153 to 157 match the following descriptions with the appropriate metabolic pathway. A)aerobic respiration B)anaerobic respiration 153. occurs without oxygen Answer b Level 1 154. uses the citric acid cycle and electron transport kitchen range Answer a Level 1 155. ccurs in the mitochondria with oxygen Answer a Level 1 156. converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid Answer b Level 1 157. produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP Answer a Level 1 For questions 158 to 162 match the following cell organe lles with the appropriate definition or description. A)organelle where subunits of ribosomes are manufactured B)an organelle of locomotion C)may or may not have ribosomes attached D)small vacuoles containing oxidative enzymes E)package materials for secretion from the cell 158. endoplasmic reticulum Answer c Level 1 159. Golgi apparatus Answer e Level 1 160. nucleolus Answer a Level 1 61. peroxisomes Answer d Level 1 162. flagellum Answer b Level 1 For questions 163 to 167 match the following stages of the cell cycle with the appropriate description. A)chromosomes align along equator B)cytokinesis is completed at the end of this phase C)time between cell divisions D)chromatin condenses and nucleoli disappear E)chromosomes begin migrating towards poles of the cell 163. interphase Answer c Level 1 164. prophase Answer d Level 1 165. metaphase Answer a Level 1 166. anaphase Answer e Level 1 167. telophase Answer b Level 1 For questions 168 to 172 match the following molecules with the appropriate escription. A)structural RNA of ribosome B)mRNA containing introns C)protein that is converted to an active enzyme D)all triplets necessary to code for synthesis of a protein E)three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA 168. pre-mRNA Answer b Level 1 169. proenzyme Answer c Level 1 170. gene Answer d Level 1 171. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Answer a Level 1 172. codon Answer e Level 1 For questions 173 to 176 match the cells described with their most abundant organelle. A)mitochondria B)centrioles C)peroxisomes D)lysosomes E) Golgi apparatus 173. white blood cell, a phagocyte Answer d Level 2 174. mucus cell (secretes mucus)Answer e Level 2 175. liver cells that detoxify hydrogen peroxide Answer c Level 2 176. cardiac muscle cells (require large amounts of ATP) Answer a Level 2 For questions 177 to 184 match the type of cell division with the appropriate description. A)mitosis B)meiosis C)both mitosis & meiosis 177. Responsible for tissue growth and cleanse Answer a Level 2 178. Resu lting cells are haploid Answer b Level 2 179. Occurs only in testis and ovary Answer b Level 2 180. Daughter cells genetically identical to mother cell Answer a Level 2 181. DNA replication occurs only once Answer c Level 2 182. Tetrad formation occursAnswer b Level 2 183. Cytokinesis occurs only once Answer a Level 2 184. Crossing over Answer b Level 2 For questions 185 to 189 match the following terms relative to theories about cell death and cell aging to the most appropriate description. A)portions of DNA are lost over time resulting in cell death B)loss of the energy source in the cell C)genes that patch on late in life that cause cell death D)after a certain amount of time or cell divisions, the cell line dies E)atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons that may damage cells 185. Cellular clock Answer d Level 1 186. Mitochondrial damage Answer bLevel 1 187. DNA damage Answer a Level 1 188. Free radicals Answer e Level 1 189. Death gene Answer c Level 1 Fill in the Blank 190. The predominant lipid in the cell membrane is a _____________. Answer phospholipid Level 1 191. Glycolipids would contain both lipids and _____________. Answer carbohydrates Level 1 192. The _____________ contains the genetic information of the cell. Answer nucleus Level 1 193. Cytosol is part of _____________. Answer cytoplasm Level 1 194. The centrioles are found in a zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus called the _____________. Answer centrosome Level 1 195.At the base of each cilium is a structure called the _____________. Answer basal body Level 1 196. The shaft of a flagellum contains _____________ microtubule doublets around its periphery. Answer nine (9) Level 1 197. _____________ is the force required to prevent the movement of water by osmosis across a semipermeable membrane. Answer osmotic pressure Level 1 198. In _____________, ions or molecules move in opposite directions. Answer counter transport Level 1 199. _____________ is the sum of catabolism and anabolism. An swer metabolism Level 1 200. According to base pair rules, adenine pairs with _____________ in DNA replication.Answer thymine Level 1 201. In females, the sex chromosomes look alike and are called _____________. Answer X chromosomes Level 1 202. The term for programmed cell death is ______________. Answer apoptosis Level 1 Essay Questions 203. explain what would happen to a cell in each of the following events a. A cell lost its nucleus b. All the lysosomes ruptured c. The phospholipids in the cell membrane were dissolved d. The cell began losing its mitochondria e. The transfer RNA molecules are selectively destroyed by viruses. Answer (a) Without a nucleus cells are unable to synthesize mRNA and so cannot complete protein synthesis.Lack of a nucleus excessively prevents cells from duplicating themselves. A cell without a nucleus will have a short life span and eventually die. (b) Rupture of the lysosomes releases hydrolytic enzymes that begin to digest the cell and cancel out i t. (c) If the phospholipids in the cell membrane are dissolved, the membrane loses its integrity and would no longer function as a selective barrier. (d) Loss of mitochondria reduces the capacity of the cell to generate energy. (e) If transfer RNA molecules are selectively destroyed, protein synthesis would be inhibited as no amino acids would be brought to the ribosomes.Level 2, 1 204. Adriamycin is a chemotherapeutic drug that binds to DNA and blocks messenger RNA synthesis. Explain why this drug is fatal to a cell. Answer When adriamycin blocks mRNA synthesis, it also blocks further protein synthesis in those cells. These cells cannot synthesize additional proteins (structural or enzymatic) that they might need. They will soon be unable to function, and they will die. Level 2 205. Lysosomes remove nonfunctional cell parts. Explain how this function is important to the overall health of the cell. Answer Nonfunctional cell parts take up valuable space in the cell.They are also com posed of molecules that the cell might be able to recycle. It is healthier for the cell to be able to eliminate these nonfunctional parts and possibly reuse some of the molecular components of those parts. Level 2 206. The cell is compartmentalized by the presence of organelles. What advantage does compartmentalization give to the cell? Answer Compartmentalization enables cells to specialize internally. By partitioning the interior of a cell, different functions can be undertaken in different structured compartments within the same cell.This property allows cells to do more than one thing. Level 2 207. Describe the relationship among ribosomes, ER, the Golgi apparatus, and exocytosis. Answer Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. Some of the proteins have leader sequences on them, which allow them to be inserted into the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticula to which the ribosomes are attached. The proteins can travel in the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, where they can be modified and packaged for secretion. Vesicles break off from the flattened membranous sacs of the Golgi apparatus.Some of the vesicles carry proteins to the plasma membrane, where the proteins can be secreted from the cell by exocytosis. Level 2 208. You work for the I. M. the Best Drug Company. Your latest assignment is to design a drug that interferes with translation in cells. You decide the easiest way to do this is to have your drug target those organelles and molecules involved in translation. List the potential targets of your new drug. Answer Potential targets include large and small ribosomal subunits, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, any enzyme needed in translation. Level 2